Bolsonaro encouraged illegal mining in the Yanomami reserve. The miners destroy patches of the forest where they work, and poison the rivers and thus indirectly the Yanomami. Now the Brazilian government has gone back to work driving them out.

Lula says that Bolsonaro's plan was for mining to wipe out the Yanomami — that is, genocide.

Since the US cannot stop the importation of illegal drugs, we have to wonder whether Brazil can stop the extraction of various metals. It may not be quite as difficult, since there are other sources for those metals, which puts a limit on what anyone will pay for them. But indeed miners will keep coming back.

I suppose they are driven by poverty. Poverty results from (1) continuing population growth and (2) the dooH niboR economy. Lula is trying to change both of those; I hope he succeeds, but that sort of thing takes time.